The Park has been identified 1,689 species of spore and seed plants, 238 species of mosses, 4 species of sedges, 4 species of horsetails, 28 species of ferns, 45 species of algae, 337 species of macromycetes, of which 57 species of edible mushrooms.

The phytofond of the Central Balkan National Park represents 41% of the species diversity of the flora in Bulgaria.

Nature conservation-significant taxa:

• 78 species included in the Biological Diversity Act (BDA);
• 58 species included in the Red Book of Bulgaria;
• 120 species included in the Red List of vascular plants in Bulgaria;
• 17 species included in the IUCN Red List;
• 75 species of Bakan endemics;
• 23 species of local endemics;
• 101 relict species.

One of the most characteristic features of the forests in the Central Balkans is that a large part of them are little influenced by human intervention, especially in the more inaccessible parts of the Park. The conditions that have the strongest influence on the distribution of forests are the exposure, the altitude, which in turn determine the temperature and light regime, the type and richness of the soil, the soil and air humidity. This, as well as the specific requirements and biology of each species, determines the species diversity in the forest ecosystems in the Park, as well as their wide distribution.
 

• Forests occupy the largest area – about 60% of the Park's territory;
• A significant part of the forest area (84.8%) is deciduous;
• Beech communities cover 42% of the Park's territory;
• The average age of beech communities is 133 years, and on an area of ​​24,401 ha they are over 100 years old;
• There are many more broad-leaved species. In addition to beech (Fagus sylvatica), mountain sycamore (Acer heldreichii), sycamore (Acer platanoides), wild cherry (Prunus avium), mountain ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and many others grow singly or in small groups. Of the more heat-loving and drought-resistant species found in the territory of the "Central Balkans", the winter oak (Quercus petrea), oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis), ash (Fraxinus ornus) and others are found.
• Of the coniferous tree species, the most widespread are the communities dominated by spruce (Picea abies), with the area occupied by spruce forests being 1,825 ha, and the average age of the forests in the belt being about 115 years. Other characteristic coniferous species are the common fir (Abies alba) and the white pine (Pinus peuce). The yew (Taxus baccata) is a species from the Red Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. The European pine (Pinus mugo) is represented by a single locality in the Park.
• Very rare are the natural xerophytic forests dominated by black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. pallassiana) and the forests dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), located mainly in the higher parts of the Central Balkans.

Forests have extremely important functions in the Earth's biosphere. They maintain the water regime of streams and groundwater, responsible for supplying settlements with drinking water. Also, with their soil-reinforcing and soil-forming functions, they resist erosion and limit damage from natural disasters. Forests form habitats, provide shelter and food for birds, bats and other mammals and are especially important for hard-to-see forest species, such as insects, mushrooms and lichens. Forests purify air and water, regulate the microclimate, participate in photosynthesis and the cycle of substances.
In addition to all this, they have scientific, educational and aesthetic value - the amazing color and diversity of landscapes charge with spiritual energy, awaken the thirst for discoveries and adventures, evoke a sense of pride in the amazing nature of Bulgaria. They create conditions for enjoyment among the wild world through tourism, recovery, sports, recreation and rest.
 

Shrub ecosystems are mainly represented in the high-mountainous treeless zone of the National Park, and less often in small areas as part of the beech and coniferous forests.
In places, forest communities alternate with small secondary shrub communities, most often on the outskirts of forests or in roadside clearings. Hazel (Corylus avellana), dog rose (Rosa canina), sloe (Prunus spinosa), common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), etc. dominate in their composition. On the steep and eroded terrains on the southern slopes of the Stara Planina, mainly in the area of ​​the Sokolna reserve, red juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus) is most often found.
The alternation of shrub and grass communities is observed along the upper border of the forest, between 1500 and 1850 m above sea level. to the ridge of the mountain, but not on the highest peaks. The main dominant species in these communities are mainly coniferous and ericoid shrubs, such as Siberian juniper (Juniperus sibirica), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), and mountain ash (Bruckenthalia spiculifolia). Raspberry (Rubus idaeus), mugo (Pinus mugo), and bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) are more limitedly distributed. Shrub communities dominated by alpine rose (Rhododendron myrtifolium) in the areas of Tuzha hut and Yurushka Gramada peak are rare and highly vulnerable.
 

Grassland communities are mainly distributed in the high subalpine and alpine treeless areas of the Park. Under the influence of the intensive grazing regime in the past and the annual burning of the shrubs and woody vegetation on the ridge parts of the Park, extensive and species-poor pasture communities have formed, dominated by the cartel (Nardus stricta) with the participation of the field fescue (Agrostis capillaris), the sedge (Deschampsia flexuosa) and many other herbaceous species.
 

166 species of medicinal plants have been registered or 66.4% of their fund in the country. A number of species of medicinal plants are included in the Red Book of Bulgaria. Others are protected by the relevant nature conservation laws. Not all plants included in the Red Book are protected. But their presence there means: “Caution! Red signal! This species needs special attention and conservation measures, as it is relatively rare!

The following medicinal plants, common in the "Central Balkans", are included in the Red Book:

• Yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea);
• Spotted gentian (Gentiana punctata);
• Folded gentian (Alchemilla plicatula);
• Akhtar gentian (Alchemilla achtarowii);
• Yumrukchal gentian (Alchemilla jumrukczalica);
• Soft gentian (Alchemilla mollis);
• Balkan gentian (Alchemilla catachnoa);
• Undivided gentian (Alchemilla indivisa);
• Star gentian (Alchemilla asteroantha);
• Pyrenean gentian (Alchemilla pyrenaica);
• Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis);
• Yew (Taxus baccata);
• Kazakh juniper (Juniperus sabina);
• Bulgarian ranilist (Stachys bulgarica);
• Soft lungwort (Pulmonaria mollissima);
• Valeriana Montana.